How To Convert Conflicting EV Range Test Cycles: EPA, WLTP, CLTC

Here's How To Calculate Conflicting EV Range Test Cycles: EPA, WLTP, NEDC

Eric Loveday

By: Eric Loveday

Updated: Jan 13, 2025 at 9:08am ET

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There are three main testing cycles used around the world to calculate official range figures for electric vehicles, and a fourth obsolete one that still occasionally shows up. They produce varying results, but you can still get a sense of how they compare.

Let's begin by introducing them. The United States uses the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) test,, which produces figures that are closest to those seen in real-world tests. The European Union and some other territories rely on the WLTP (Worldwide Harmonised Light Vehicles Test Procedure), which replaced the wildly optimistic and now obsolete NEDC (New European Driving Cycle) in 2019. The CLTC (China Light Duty Vehicle Test Cycle) replaced the NEDC in China and is usually the most unrealistically optimistic of the three.

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The range of any vehicle fluctuates somewhat because it is affected by its speed, load, and weather conditions. Therefore, drivers generally won't achieve official range numbers unless they drive conservatively and keep speeds low.

To make things a little confusing, though, not every automaker applies the test results equally. For instance, the Porsche Taycan Turbo S has an EPA rating of 201 miles, but it's an anomaly in that drivers should easily be able to attain closer to 300 miles per charge in typical driving in good weather.

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To get a sense of how the ranges of cars correlate under the different testing regimes, we looked at a number of cars sold in all of the main territories — US, Europe, and China — and compared their EPA, WLTP, and CLTC ratings, as well as a couple only sold in Europe and China. Interestingly, one vehicle is advertised on its website with a discontinued NEDC rating: the Xpeng P7.

The results were pretty eye-opening. The percentage difference between official range figures varied widely by automaker and sometimes also widely between models from the same automaker. The upshot is that there's not a reliable way to compare the test cycles with any precision.

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As a rule of thumb, though, consider the EPA figure to be the most realistic, with only a few percentage points different from what one might see in real-world conditions. The WLTP figure to be about 22 percent higher than EPA, and the CLTC number about 35% higher than EPA. CLTC also appears to be a few percentage points higher than NEDC.